| LAYER | FUNCTION | EXAMPLES | DATA FORMAT |
| Application | Application | HB Texas Hold 'Em | Data |
| Presentation | Non-networking-specific standard formats | encryption, compression | Data |
| Session |
Dialog control Interhost communication |
full duplex vs. half duplex | Data |
| Transport |
End-to-end connections + reliability: Error recognition and recovery Breaking into and rebuilding packets (segmentation + desegmentation) flow control Ack |
TCP | Segments |
| Network |
Path determination + logical addressing Switching, routing, comgestion, logical address->physical address |
IP Routers |
Packets |
| Data Link |
Physical addressing Package bits into frames, between network nodes |
Ethernet (also incorporates layer 1) Bridges, switches |
Frames |
| Physical | Modulation | Hubs, repeaters, NICs(?) | Bits |